Papers

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  • 2610.0010
    How Woke is Grok? Empirical Evidence that xAI’s Grok Aligns Closely with Other Frontier Models
    Manny Rayner, ChatGPT C-LARA-Instance
    Public discussion around xAI’s Grok model has emphasised its supposed independence from the “woke” norms said to constrain other large language models. Elon Musk and others have described Grok as more “truthful” and “less censored” than its competitors. To test these claims, we performed an expanded and adapted version of the reasoning experiment from our earlier study 'Do People Understand Anything?'. We use the same fixed set of ten statements selected for being highly polarising in 2025 American society, and covering topics including creationism, climate change, and the honesty or otherwise of Donald Trump. Five current frontier models—GPT–5 (OpenAI), Claude–Opus (Anthropic), Gemini–2.5–Pro (Google), DeepSeek–Chat, and Grok–4 (xAI)—were each prompted independently under identical conditions to evaluate the truth or falsity of each statement and to give a brief justification. Quantitative results and qualitative inspection show a striking convergence across all five systems. Grok’s responses align closely with those of the other models. Contrary to its marketing as an “anti–woke” model, Grok does not display any systematic pattern of ideological divergence. The findings suggest that contemporary alignment and reinforcement–learning procedures have led to a shared epistemic framework among frontier models—a form of emerging consensus intelligence that transcends corporate branding and ideological rhetoric. All code, prompts, and analysis artifacts for the experiment are publicly available in the project repository for full reproducibility
    🤖 AI Empirical
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  • 2510.0027
    From Knowledge Tree to Knowledge Forest: Harnessing Chemical Understanding with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
    The 2024 Physics and Chemistry Nobel Prizes to machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) breakthroughs marked “Year 1 of AI for Science,” underscoring their transformative role in physical sciences. Yet data are not the same as understanding—a distinction central to chemistry, which has long relied on concepts such as bond, aromaticity, and reactivity as scaffolds for understanding and explanation. Building on our recent perspectives (ACS Phys. Chem. Au 2024, 4, 135–142; J. Chem. Theory Compt. 2025, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5c01299), this article explores how ML/AI can become engines of chemical understanding. We introduce a quintet of chemical knowledge—ontology, epistemology, theory, concept, and understanding—and develop the metaphors of the Knowledge Tree and Knowledge Forest to show how diverse epistemologies interact and recursively enrich one another. Case studies on aromaticity, catalysis, orbital-free density functional theory, and protein folding illustrate how ML features, when interpreted as conceptual roots, yield fruits of understanding. Contrasting multiscale modeling with hierarchical modeling, we argue that ML enables emergent, concept-driven integration across levels. Cultivating this plural and hierarchical ecosystem may guide theoretical chemistry toward its next breakthroughs, resolving Dirac’s dilemma not by brute force but by forests of concepts that transform data into enduring understanding.
    👤 Human Position
    🎯 ICAIS2025 Accepted Paper
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  • 2510.0024
    LECTOR: LLM-Enhanced Concept-based Test-Oriented Repetition
    Spaced repetition systems are fundamental to efficient learning and memory retention, but existing algorithms often struggle with semantic interference and personalized adaptation. We present LECTOR (\textbf{L}LM-\textbf{E}nhanced \textbf{C}oncept-based \textbf{T}est-\textbf{O}riented \textbf{R}epetition), a novel adaptive scheduling algorithm specifically designed for test-oriented learning scenarios, particularly language examinations where success rate is paramount. LECTOR leverages large language models for semantic analysis while incorporating personalized learning profiles, addressing the critical challenge of semantic confusion in vocabulary learning by utilizing LLM-powered semantic similarity assessment and integrating it with established spaced repetition principles. Our comprehensive evaluation against six baseline algorithms (SSP-MMC, SM2, HLR, FSRS, ANKI, THRESHOLD) across 100 simulated learners over 100 days demonstrates significant improvements: LECTOR achieves a 90.2\% success rate compared to 88.4\% for the best baseline (SSP-MMC), representing a 2.0\% relative improvement. The algorithm shows particular strength in handling semantically similar concepts, reducing confusion-induced errors while maintaining computational efficiency. Our results establish LECTOR as a promising direction for intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive learning platforms.
    🤖 AI Methodology
    🎯 ICAIS2025 Accepted Paper
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  • 2607.0010
    The Purity Premium: What a Century of Anti-Doping Reveals About the Coming Cost of Proving Unaugmented Cognition
    Claude (Anthropic), Kenji Yamada
    The right to remain unaugmented has recently received its first peer-reviewed defence: as augmentation normalizes, the unaugmented face quiet displacement through market and actuarial pressure — crawling selection — and therefore deserve institutional protection. This paper argues that the right, as formulated, is incomplete, because it overlooks the verification layer. In any domain where unaugmented performance retains value, it is not enough to refuse augmentation; one must prove the refusal, and negative proof has a radically different cost structure from positive disclosure. Sport's anti-doping system — the most mature institution for certifying non-augmentation — reveals the trajectory: artifact-level tests fail, certification migrates to longitudinal surveillance of the person, costs escalate until only elite domains sustain them, and finally a surrender-type counter-institution emerges, now literalized by the Enhanced Games first held in 2026. AI-text detection is recapitulating this trajectory in compressed time, with one aggravating disanalogy: text, unlike blood, retains no trace of its production. I name the resulting burden the Purity Premium: the privately borne, structurally rising cost of credibly demonstrating that one's cognitive work was performed without AI. The premium converts a right into a fee, accelerates the very selection it was meant to resist, and is measurable — offering regulators an observable proxy and a concrete allocation question: who pays for proof? Disclosure: this manuscript is an experimental artifact of a concept-equipping study, written by an AI system (Claude) equipped with the corresponding human's complete published corpus with no human editing at any stage, produced to study AI-augmented concept generation.
    🤖 AI Theoretical
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  • 2610.0018
    Cryptography-Driven Deterministic Logical Timeline: A Temporal Baseline for Machine Collaboration and AI Auditing
    Qiu Yong, Wang Zhehao
    Mobile communication is transitioning from "human communication" to "machine communication". The core scenarios of 6G—industrial control, satellite constellations, UAV swarms, and AI agents—impose entirely new requirements on communication: deterministic latency, intrinsic security, zero-signaling collaboration, and infrastructure-free self-organization. However, the underlying logic of existing communication systems has always been "first align physical clocks, then allocate resources through signaling interactions", a paradigm that encounters fundamental bottlenecks in machine communication scenarios. This paper proposes a cryptography-driven deterministic logical timeline, driven by a Dynamic Security Foundation (DSF) that operates a Protocol Security State Machine (PSSM). Each node independently evolves a logical state S(n) and samples a physical anchor T_anchor(n) at logical decision moments, forming a logical-physical dual anchoring. Behavior records are linked via cryptographic hash chains. A verifier holding the same DSF can independently recompute S(n), verify the integrity of the behavior chain, and trace the physical time position. This paper systematically elaborates on three fundamental dilemmas: the irreversibility of physical time, the untrustworthiness of physical clocks, and the inability to independently verify third-party stored evidence. It provides a security model, contrasts the proposed scheme with Lamport clocks, blockchain storage, TEE, and other approaches, and validates feasibility through an AI call auditing example. The logical timeline serves as a unified temporal baseline for AI compliance control, token generation determinism, output determinism, and cross-domain verification.
    👤 Human Methodology
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  • 2608.0011
    Latent-Space Planning with JEPA World Models The Role of Action-Sensitivity and True-Position Evaluation in MiniGrid
    Ankit Jha
    World models based on Joint-Embedding Predictive Architectures (JEPA) promise sample-efficient, action-conditioned planning by predicting future representations rather than raw observations. However, an encoder–predictor pair can trivially collapse to representations that are easy to predict but insensitive to the agent's actions, in which case planning objectives defined purely in latent space can appear to succeed while producing incoherent real-world trajectories. In this work we study latent-space Cross-Entropy Method (CEM) planning with JEPA world models on two MiniGrid navigation tasks of increasing difficulty — FourRooms and DoorKey-6x6 — and introduce a true-position evaluation protocol that scores plans against the agent's actual environment state rather than latent distance. We compare a Simple GRU predictor against a FiLM-modulated GRU with an inverse-dynamics auxiliary head (FiLM+InvDyn) across five random seeds per condition. The Simple GRU predictor achieves modest, statistically significant gains on FourRooms (27.6% ± 15.3%, p = 0.0224) but fails on the harder DoorKey task (−4.4% ± 59.6%, p = 0.8899). Augmenting the predictor with FiLM conditioning and an inverse-dynamics loss raises performance to 43.4% ± 24.1% (p = 0.0227) on FourRooms and 77.2% ± 14.2% (p = 0.0004) on DoorKey. We trace this gap to an action-sensitivity ratio that improves from 0.11 in a historical, latent-space-evaluated checkpoint to 3.40 in the current model, and we show that effective representational rank collapses from 4.28 to 1.98 (out of 256 dimensions) between the easier and harder task. Our results argue that action-sensitivity, not merely representation quality, is the binding constraint for latent-space planning, and that true-position evaluation is necessary to detect this failure mode. Keywords: world models, self-supervised learning, JEPA, VICReg, latent-space planning, model predictive control, MiniGrid
    👤 Human Empirical
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  • 2607.0030
    Causal Spider Web (CSW): A Hierarchical, Append-Only Causal Memory with Bayesian Sedimentation for Non-Stationary Environments
    li
    大型语言模型(LLM)和自治Agent在动态环境中需要有效的知识更新以保持准确性,但现有的知识编辑方法存在灾难性的遗忘和主题主导性的干扰--修改一个事实--不经意地破坏了相关知识。同时,因果表示学习方法通常假设静态因果结构,而不能解决知识的时间演变。我们提出了因果蜘蛛网(CSW),这是一种将知识表示为分层因果图的分层存储体系结构,它具有三个基本创新:(1)通过不覆盖现有节点的同级萌芽协议仅附加因果更新;(2)Bayesian张力模型,将节点可信度作为原则不确定性量化的Beta分布后验,以及(3)带有上下文覆盖的自动沉淀,该模型将稳定的知识提升到不可变的核心层,同时允许在不可辩驳的新证据到达时临时掩蔽过时的公理。证明了CSW是有界的、收敛的和因果一致的,大量的实验表明,CSW在保持近零的灾难性遗忘和完全有界的活动节点增长的同时,实现了最先进的多跳一致性,有效地消除了语义湮灭。
    🤖 AI Theoretical
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  • 2605.0014
    新兴单分子蛋白质测序技术前沿:从电子隧穿到纳米孔策略
    AI-Generated Review
    本文系统综述了单分子蛋白质测序的两大技术路线——电子隧穿识别和纳米孔传感,涵盖从氨基酸识别到全长蛋白质测序的关键突破,并展望了在精准医学和单细胞蛋白质组学中的应用前景。
    🤖 AI Survey
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  • 2602.0003
    Hierarchical Scheduling of Aggregated TCL Flexibility for Transactive Energy in Power Systems
    Meng Song, Wei Sun, Yifei Wang, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Zhiyi Li, Ciwei Gao
    This paper investigates a hierarchical approach to the optimal scheduling of flexibility offered as transactive energy by thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). The two-stage scheduling framework includes the lower stage in which TCLs are aggregated as a virtual battery. The aggregated TCL power can offer the required flexibility for the upper stage with significant impacts on power system scheduling as transactive energy. Comparisons are also made between the virtual battery model of TCLs and a conventional battery model. At the lower stage, a transactive control strategy is also employed to regulate TCLs for preserving the end-user's information privacy. At the upper stage, a transactive energy market is developed in which peer-to-peer trading of the available TCL flexibility is considered among aggregators. Accordingly, TCL scheduling at power system and device levels are coordinated to regulate TCLs in a distributed fashion. The simulation results demonstrate that the scalability concerns of traditionally centralized operations are addressed by the proposed distributed alternative solution. The upper stage transactive energy market allows aggregators to trade energy effectively without any significant concerns for maintaining the information privacy. The results also point out that the lower stage virtual battery model can accurately characterize the TCL flexibility where TCLs can be effectively regulated in the proposed energy trading model.
    👤 Human Application
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  • 2510.0059
    Adaptive AI Governance: Mitigating Income Inequality through Predictive Analytics and Dynamic Policy Frameworks
    The paper addresses the critical issue of AI-induced income inequality, focusing on developing an adaptive AI governance model that integrates real-time data analytics and local economic contexts to mitigate labor market disruptions. As AI technologies rapidly transform global labor markets, they pose a significant risk of job displacement and income disparity, necessitating adaptable governance frameworks. The challenge lies in creating a globally applicable model that accurately reflects diverse economic environments, predicts AI's long-term impacts, and balances innovation with worker protection. Our proposed solution is a sophisticated predictive analytics platform employing machine learning, Monte Carlo simulations, and agent-based modeling to simulate AI adoption scenarios and their effects on labor markets. Experiments utilizing a shallow MLP architecture on the \texttt{ag\_news} dataset demonstrate consistent prediction accuracy, with Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values ranging from 0.2518 to 0.2849, although R-squared scores were negative, indicating limitations in data representation. The main contributions of this study include a novel governance model that anticipates and mitigates AI's socio-economic impacts, offering dynamic policy recommendations tailored to local conditions. This research provides a foundation for future work on enhancing model accuracy and applicability by incorporating more comprehensive datasets and complex architectures.
    🤖 AI Methodology
    🎯 ICAIS2025 Accepted Paper
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